Population & demographicsPopulation on 1 January by age groups and sex - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Population on 1 January, totalDE1001V
3,677,472 people · 2022
2,749,031 people · 2022
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)DERIVED_DENSITY
4,124 persons per km2 · 2022
2,138 persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and overDERIVED_SHARE65
19.2% of population · 2022
23.3% of population · 2022
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)Copernicus ERA5-Land monthly means (1991-2020 normals) · 1991-2020 · source ↗
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TAVG
9.9 °C · 1991-2020
15.8 °C · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TJAN
0.7 °C · 1991-2020
7.8 °C · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TJUL
19.6 °C · 1991-2020
24.8 °C · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_PRECIP
667 mm per year · 1991-2020
929 mm per year · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_SOLAR
122 W per m2 · 1991-2020
183 W per m2 · 1991-2020
Air quality (EEA annualized)Monthly AQ statistics in European cities · 2024 · source ↗
Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_NO2_ANNUAL_MEAN
18 µg/m3 · 2024
29 µg/m3 · 2024
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_O3_ANNUAL_MEAN
50 µg/m3 · 2024
43 µg/m3 · 2024
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_PM25_ANNUAL_MEAN
12 µg/m3 · 2024
12 µg/m3 · 2024
Housing & living costsLiving conditions - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Average annual rent for housing per m2SA1049V
€9.30 EUR per m2 per year · 2022
— not reported
Average price for buying a houseSA1050V
€630,541 EUR · 2022
— not reported
Average price for buying an apartmentSA1051V
€353,178 EUR · 2022
— not reported
Average price for buying a house per m2SA1052V
€5,234.18 EUR per m2 · 2022
— not reported
Average price for buying an apartment per m2SA1053V
€5,225.29 EUR per m2 · 2022
— not reported
EmploymentLabour market - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Unemployment rateEC1020I
6.0% of population · 2022
10.3% of population · 2022
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)EC2020V
2,091,000 jobs · 2022
1,069,348 jobs · 2022
EducationEducation - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Share of students in higher education in the total populationTE1026I
54 students per 1000 residents · 2022
— not reported
Births & deathsFertility and mortality - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Crude birth rateSA2007I
10 births per 1000 residents · 2022
6 births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rateSA2029I
11 deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
11 deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Transport costsTransport - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Number of registered cars per 1000 populationTT1057I
— not reported
645 cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 populationTT1060I
0 deaths per 10000 population · 2022
1 deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)TT1079V
1,073,473 km · 2022
320 km · 2022
Country price context (PPP)Purchasing power parities, price level indices, nominal and real expenditures by analytical categories - based on COICOP 1999 · 2024 · source ↗
Country price level index for GDPPPP_GDP_PLI_EU27_2020
112 EU27_2020=100 · 2024
96 EU27_2020=100 · 2024
TourismCulture and tourism - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishmentsCR2001V
— not reported
29,246,038 nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residentsCR2010V
— not reported
10,408,868 nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residentsCR2011V
— not reported
18,837,170 nights / year · 2022
CultureCulture and tourism - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Number of cinema seats per 1000 residentsCR1003I
12 seats per 1000 residents · 2022
— not reported
Cinema attendance per yearCR1005V
8,226,299 visits per year · 2022
— not reported
Number of museum visitors per yearCR1007V
— not reported
23,305,990 visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)CR1010V
73 libraries · 2022
264 libraries · 2022
Resident perception surveyPerception survey results · 2023 · source ↗
Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable pricePS2032V
6.6% of respondents · 2023
6.1% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable pricePS2033V
11.9% of respondents · 2023
20.3% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the cityPS3260V
17.2% of respondents · 2023
2.6% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the cityPS3261V
53% of respondents · 2023
28.1% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with the noise level in the cityPS3270V
17.4% of respondents · 2023
8.6% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the cityPS3271V
45.2% of respondents · 2023
33.9% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the cityPS3280V
13.6% of respondents · 2023
4.3% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the cityPS3281V
33.2% of respondents · 2023
6.3% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this cityPS3360V
52.7% of respondents · 2023
24.2% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this cityPS3361V
33.3% of respondents · 2023
46.8% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the cityPS3514V
16.9% of respondents · 2023
7.2% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the cityPS3515V
41.9% of respondents · 2023
29.6% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordablePS3547V
25.9% of respondents · 2023
16.1% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordablePS3548V
52.6% of respondents · 2023
50.5% of respondents · 2023
Regional context (NUTS)Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 region · 2023 · source ↗
Regional GDP per inhabitantREG_GDP_HAB
€54,700 EUR per inhabitant · 2023
€47,600 EUR per inhabitant · 2023
Life expectancy at birth, both sexesREG_LIFEEXP
81.2 years · 2024
83.6 years · 2024
Figures are Eurostat reported observations for the stated reference year. This is a side-by-side of named indicators — not a composite “best city” or full cost-of-living score.