Roma population for Eurostat's city geography in Italy was 2,749,031 on 1 January 2022.
Its 1991–2020 climate normal is a mean annual temperature of 15.8 °C with 929 mm of precipitation a year (Copernicus ERA5-Land).
In its wider region (NUTS ITI43), GDP was €47,600 per inhabitant (2023, Eurostat) — a regional figure, not a city value.
This profile reports 40 of the 50 indicators currently tracked for European cities; the rest are not reported for Roma. Source: official datasets listed in the source registry.
Population & demographics
Population on 1 January, total
#2 of 426 · 100th pct · #1 in Italy
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
#63 of 381 · 83rd pct · #12 in Italy
2,138
persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and over
#102 of 386 · 73rd pct · #59 in Italy
23.3%
of population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Population on 1 January, total
Roma: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain Roma: 2,749,031. Higher than 424 of 426 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 38,669 to 3,677,472; median 104,735.
38,669
3,677,472
median 104,735
Roma: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain
Roma 2,749,031 Higher than 424 of 426 records in the same comparison group Median 104,735
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
Roma: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 2,138. Higher than 318 of 381 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 28 to 9,215; median 1,069.
28
9,215
median 1,069
Roma: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 2,138 Higher than 318 of 381 records in the same comparison group Median 1,069
Share of population aged 65 and over
Roma: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain Roma: 23.3%. Higher than 281 of 386 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 9.1% to 32.5%; median 20.9%.
9.1%
32.5%
median 20.9%
Roma: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain
Roma 23.3% Higher than 281 of 386 records in the same comparison group Median 20.9%
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)
Roma climate by month Roma monthly 1991-2020 normals. Temperature 7.8°C to 25.1°C; warmest Aug, coldest Jan. Precipitation up to 149mm per month.
30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0
°C
mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
● mean temperature (°C, left) · ▮ precipitation (mm, right) Roma monthly climate normals Month Temp Precip Jan 7.8°C 76mm Feb 8.2°C 80mm Mar 10.6°C 79mm Apr 13.4°C 77mm May 17.6°C 56mm Jun 21.9°C 33mm Jul 24.8°C 22mm Aug 25.1°C 25mm Sep 21.0°C 93mm Oct 17.1°C 131mm Nov 12.7°C 149mm Dec 8.9°C 108mm
ERA5-Land 1991–2020 normals.
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#70 of 601 · 88th pct · #26 in Italy
15.8
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#83 of 601 · 86th pct · #25 in Italy
7.8
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#80 of 601 · 87th pct · #33 in Italy
24.8
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land reanalysis total precipitation at the city centroid grid cell; not station weather.
#155 of 601 · 74th pct · #42 in Italy
929
mm per year · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land mean surface solar radiation; this is irradiance, NOT sunshine hours.
#105 of 601 · 83rd pct · #28 in Italy
183
W per m2 · centroid · 1991-2020
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Roma: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 15.8. Higher than 531 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3 to 24.5; median 10.6.
1.3
24.5
median 10.6
Roma: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 15.8 Higher than 531 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 10.6
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Roma: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 7.8. Higher than 518 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range -9.3 to 13.5; median 2.6.
-9.3
13.5
median 2.6
Roma: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 7.8 Higher than 518 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 2.6
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Roma: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 24.8. Higher than 521 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.5 to 38.1; median 19.3.
12.5
38.1
median 19.3
Roma: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 24.8 Higher than 521 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 19.3
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
Roma: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 929. Higher than 446 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 261 to 2,516; median 816.
261
2,516
median 816
Roma: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 929 Higher than 446 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 816
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
Roma: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 183. Higher than 496 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 96 to 230; median 136.
96
230
median 136
Roma: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 183 Higher than 496 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 136
Air quality (EEA annualized)
Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#13 of 329 · 96th pct · #6 in Italy
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#253 of 281 · 10th pct · #37 in Italy
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#89 of 298 · 70th pct · #28 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Roma: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Roma: 29. Higher than 316 of 329 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 35; median 16.
5
35
median 16
Roma: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Roma 29 Higher than 316 of 329 records in the same comparison group Median 16
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Roma: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Roma: 43. Higher than 28 of 281 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 33 to 81; median 52.
33
81
median 52
Roma: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Roma 43 Higher than 28 of 281 records in the same comparison group Median 52
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Roma: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Roma: 12. Higher than 209 of 298 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3 to 22; median 9.
3
22
median 9
Roma: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Roma 12 Higher than 209 of 298 records in the same comparison group Median 9
Unemployment rate
Eurostat city or greater-city unemployment rate for the stated year; national definitions and observation flags still apply.
#106 of 288 · 63rd pct · #26 in Italy
10.3%
of population · 2022
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Workplace-based jobs reported for the Eurostat city or greater-city geography; not employed residents or job openings.
#5 of 411 · 99th pct · #1 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Unemployment rate
Roma: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain Roma: 10.3%. Higher than 182 of 288 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3% to 33.0%; median 7.8%.
1.3%
33.0%
median 7.8%
Roma: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain
Roma 10.3% Higher than 182 of 288 records in the same comparison group Median 7.8%
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Roma: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 1,069,348. Higher than 406 of 411 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 8,769 to 2,091,000; median 54,000.
8,769
2,091,000
median 54,000
Roma: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 1,069,348 Higher than 406 of 411 records in the same comparison group Median 54,000
Crude birth rate
Annual live births per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; not a fertility rate.
#315 of 366 · 14th pct · #52 in Italy
6
births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rate
Annual deaths per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; age structure strongly affects comparisons.
#246 of 400 · 38th pct · #64 in Italy
11
deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Crude birth rate
Roma: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain Roma: 6. Higher than 50 of 366 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4 to 24; median 8.
4
24
median 8
Roma: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain
Roma 6 Higher than 50 of 366 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Crude death rate
Roma: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain Roma: 11. Higher than 152 of 400 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 20; median 12.
5
20
median 12
Roma: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain
Roma 11 Higher than 152 of 400 records in the same comparison group Median 12
Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Registered cars per resident, not congestion, traffic speed or household car access.
#39 of 247 · 84th pct · #38 in Italy
645
cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Small annual rates can be volatile; do not present as a full traffic-safety score.
#53 of 358 · 85th pct · #25 in Italy
1
deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Reported Eurostat infrastructure length; not a cycling-mode-share or safety measure.
#142 of 328 · 57th pct · #1 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Roma: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain Roma: 645. Higher than 208 of 247 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 272 to 4,237; median 479.
272
4,237
median 479
Roma: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain
Roma 645 Higher than 208 of 247 records in the same comparison group Median 479
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Roma: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain Roma: 1. Higher than 303 of 358 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 2; median 0.
0
2
median 0
Roma: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain
Roma 1 Higher than 303 of 358 records in the same comparison group Median 0
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Roma: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 320. Higher than 186 of 328 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 1,073,473; median 138.
0
1,073,473
median 138
Roma: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 320 Higher than 186 of 328 records in the same comparison group Median 138
Country price context (PPP)
Country price level index for GDP
96
EU27_2020=100 · IT · 2024
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
#1 of 92 · 99th pct · #1 in Italy
29,246,038
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
#1 of 78 · 99th pct · #1 in Italy
10,408,868
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
#1 of 78 · 99th pct · #1 in Italy
18,837,170
nights / year · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
Roma: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain Roma: 29,246,038. Higher than 91 of 92 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 29,246,038; median 294,774.
0
29,246,038
median 294,774
Roma: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain
Roma 29,246,038 Higher than 91 of 92 records in the same comparison group Median 294,774
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
Roma: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain Roma: 10,408,868. Higher than 77 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 11,647 to 10,408,868; median 177,863.
11,647
10,408,868
median 177,863
Roma: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain
Roma 10,408,868 Higher than 77 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 177,863
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
Roma: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain Roma: 18,837,170. Higher than 77 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3,119 to 18,837,170; median 108,214.
3,119
18,837,170
median 108,214
Roma: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain
Roma 18,837,170 Higher than 77 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 108,214
Number of museum visitors per year
Museum visitor count where reported; not a count of museums or all cultural visits.
#1 of 226 · 100th pct · #1 in Italy
23,305,990
visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Library distribution points where reported; not library visits or service quality.
#2 of 425 · 99th pct · #1 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of museum visitors per year
Roma: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain Roma: 23,305,990. Higher than 225 of 226 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 23,305,990; median 60,998.
0
23,305,990
median 60,998
Roma: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain
Roma 23,305,990 Higher than 225 of 226 records in the same comparison group Median 60,998
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Roma: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain Roma: 264. Higher than 422 of 425 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 336; median 8.
1
336
median 8
Roma: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain
Roma 264 Higher than 422 of 425 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Resident perception survey
Roma resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
6.1%
somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
20.3%
very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
2.6%
rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
28.1%
very satisfied with the noise level in the city
8.6%
rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
33.9%
very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
4.3%
rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
6.3%
strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
24.2%
somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
46.8%
Feel safe at night — strongly agree
7.2%
Feel safe at night — somewhat agree
29.6%
Transport affordable — strongly agree
16.1%
Transport affordable — somewhat agree
50.5%
Roma resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 6.1% somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 20.3% very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 2.6% rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 28.1% very satisfied with the noise level in the city 8.6% rather satisfied with the noise level in the city 33.9% very satisfied with cleanliness in the city 4.3% rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city 6.3% strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 24.2% somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 46.8% Feel safe at night — strongly agree 7.2% Feel safe at night — somewhat agree 29.6% Transport affordable — strongly agree 16.1% Transport affordable — somewhat agree 50.5%
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Roma: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Roma: 6.1%. Higher than 13 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.9% to 23.6%; median 9.7%.
2.9%
23.6%
median 9.7%
Roma: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Roma 6.1% Higher than 13 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 9.7%
Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Roma: 20.3%. Higher than 17 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6% to 47%; median 25.4%.
6%
47%
median 25.4%
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Roma 20.3% Higher than 17 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 25.4%
Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Roma: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 2.6%. Higher than 0 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.6% to 49.2%; median 18.9%.
2.6%
49.2%
median 18.9%
Roma: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 2.6% Higher than 0 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 18.9%
Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Roma: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 28.1%. Higher than 4 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 14.2% to 61.7%; median 45.5%.
14.2%
61.7%
median 45.5%
Roma: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 28.1% Higher than 4 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.5%
Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city
Roma: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 8.6%. Higher than 2 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.7% to 33%; median 18.7%.
7.7%
33%
median 18.7%
Roma: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 8.6% Higher than 2 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 18.7%
Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
Roma: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 33.9%. Higher than 6 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 21.1% to 61.3%; median 45.5%.
21.1%
61.3%
median 45.5%
Roma: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 33.9% Higher than 6 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.5%
Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Roma: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 4.3%. Higher than 1 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.2% to 52.6%; median 15.9%.
2.2%
52.6%
median 15.9%
Roma: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 4.3% Higher than 1 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 15.9%
Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Roma: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 6.3%. Higher than 1 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4% to 66.5%; median 45.2%.
4%
66.5%
median 45.2%
Roma: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 6.3% Higher than 1 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.2%
Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Roma: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 24.2%. Higher than 2 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 15.6% to 73.9%; median 53.4%.
15.6%
73.9%
median 53.4%
Roma: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 24.2% Higher than 2 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 53.4%
Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 46.8%. Higher than 43 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 18.2% to 54.5%; median 34.6%.
18.2%
54.5%
median 34.6%
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 46.8% Higher than 43 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 34.6%
Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Roma: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 7.2%. Higher than 0 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.2% to 54.1%; median 24.6%.
7.2%
54.1%
median 24.6%
Roma: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 7.2% Higher than 0 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 24.6%
Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Roma: 29.6%. Higher than 3 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 26.1% to 58.5%; median 39.7%.
26.1%
58.5%
median 39.7%
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Roma 29.6% Higher than 3 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 39.7%
Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable
Roma: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Roma: 16.1%. Higher than 6 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.5% to 68.3%; median 28.9%.
7.5%
68.3%
median 28.9%
Roma: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Roma 16.1% Higher than 6 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 28.9%
Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Roma: 50.5%. Higher than 47 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 21.1% to 52.6%; median 38.1%.
21.1%
52.6%
median 38.1%
Roma: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Roma 50.5% Higher than 47 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 38.1%
Regional context (NUTS) Values describe the city's NUTS region, not the city itself
Regional GDP per inhabitant
€47,600
EUR per inhabitant · ITI43 · 2023
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes
Common questions What is the population of Roma? Roma had a population of 2,749,031 on 1 January 2022 (Eurostat city figure), the 2nd largest of the 426 reporting city records in the same year.
What is the climate of Roma? Its 1991–2020 ERA5-Land normal is a mean annual temperature of 15.8 °C (January 7.8 °C, July 24.8 °C) with 929 mm of precipitation a year. This is reanalysis, not station weather.
Not reported for this city: Housing & living costs, Education. Eurostat Urban Audit coverage is voluntary, so some indicators are unavailable for some cities.
Eurostat flags: b = break in time series
Every figure is an official indicator with its source linked. Ranks compare only records with the same reference year and geography grain. See the methodology .
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