Population & demographicsPopulation on 1 January by age groups and sex - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Population on 1 January, totalDE1001V
658,457 people · 2022
1,706,851 people · 2022
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)DERIVED_DENSITY
3,086 persons per km2 · 2022
2,328 persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and overDERIVED_SHARE65
17.6% of population · 2022
21.4% of population · 2022
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)Copernicus ERA5-Land monthly means (1991-2020 normals) · 1991-2020 · source ↗
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TAVG
6.0 °C · 1991-2020
11.1 °C · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TJAN
-3.9 °C · 1991-2020
-0.4 °C · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_TJUL
18.0 °C · 1991-2020
22.2 °C · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_PRECIP
740 mm per year · 1991-2020
651 mm per year · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)CLIM_SOLAR
116 W per m2 · 1991-2020
148 W per m2 · 1991-2020
Air quality (EEA annualized)Monthly AQ statistics in European cities · 2024 · source ↗
Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_NO2_ANNUAL_MEAN
— not reported
24 µg/m3 · 2024
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_O3_ANNUAL_MEAN
— not reported
53 µg/m3 · 2024
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averagesEEA_PM25_ANNUAL_MEAN
— not reported
12 µg/m3 · 2024
Housing & living costsLiving conditions - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Average annual rent for housing per m2SA1049V
€230.00 EUR per m2 per year · 2022
— not reported
Average price for buying a houseSA1050V
€397,644 EUR · 2022
€215,757 EUR · 2022
Average price for buying an apartmentSA1051V
€334,267 EUR · 2022
€123,876 EUR · 2022
Average price for buying a house per m2SA1052V
€4,053.00 EUR per m2 · 2022
€1,874.76 EUR per m2 · 2022
Average price for buying an apartment per m2SA1053V
€5,858.00 EUR per m2 · 2022
€2,282.94 EUR per m2 · 2022
EmploymentLabour market - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Unemployment rateEC1020I
10.1% of population · 2022
1.9% of population · 2022
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)EC2020V
410,572 jobs · 2022
1,219,426 jobs · 2022
EducationEducation - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Share of students in higher education in the total populationTE1026I
91 students per 1000 residents · 2022
91 students per 1000 residents · 2022
Births & deathsFertility and mortality - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Crude birth rateSA2007I
9 births per 1000 residents · 2022
8 births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rateSA2029I
9 deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
13 deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Transport costsTransport - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Number of registered cars per 1000 populationTT1057I
272 cars per 1000 population · 2022
416 cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 populationTT1060I
0 deaths per 10000 population · 2022
0 deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)TT1079V
1,306 km · 2022
210 km · 2022
Cost of a combined monthly ticket for 5-10 km in the central zoneTT1080V
€65 EUR · 2022
€24 EUR · 2022
Cost of a taxi ride of 5 km to the centre at daytimeTT1081V
— not reported
€8 EUR · 2022
Country price context (PPP)Purchasing power parities, price level indices, nominal and real expenditures by analytical categories - based on COICOP 1999 · 2024 · source ↗
Country price level index for GDPPPP_GDP_PLI_EU27_2020
120 EU27_2020=100 · 2024
71 EU27_2020=100 · 2024
CultureCulture and tourism - cities and greater cities · 2022 · source ↗
Number of cinema seats per 1000 residentsCR1003I
— not reported
16 seats per 1000 residents · 2022
Cinema attendance per yearCR1005V
1,275,778 visits per year · 2022
5,162,159 visits per year · 2022
Number of museum visitors per yearCR1007V
2,442,476 visits per year · 2022
4,032,992 visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)CR1010V
— not reported
258 libraries · 2022
Resident perception surveyPerception survey results · 2023 · source ↗
Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable pricePS2032V
4.7% of respondents · 2023
4.8% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable pricePS2033V
11.3% of respondents · 2023
15.3% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the cityPS3260V
27.1% of respondents · 2023
10.1% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the cityPS3261V
60.5% of respondents · 2023
35.4% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with the noise level in the cityPS3270V
23% of respondents · 2023
12.4% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the cityPS3271V
55.6% of respondents · 2023
37.1% of respondents · 2023
Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the cityPS3280V
17.5% of respondents · 2023
7.4% of respondents · 2023
Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the cityPS3281V
60.7% of respondents · 2023
33.2% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this cityPS3360V
56.7% of respondents · 2023
40.2% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this cityPS3361V
33.7% of respondents · 2023
43% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the cityPS3514V
41.5% of respondents · 2023
21.6% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the cityPS3515V
37.6% of respondents · 2023
36.6% of respondents · 2023
Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordablePS3547V
20.9% of respondents · 2023
34.4% of respondents · 2023
Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordablePS3548V
37.5% of respondents · 2023
36.2% of respondents · 2023
Regional context (NUTS)Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 region · 2023 · source ↗
Regional GDP per inhabitantREG_GDP_HAB
€61,300 EUR per inhabitant · 2024
€47,600 EUR per inhabitant · 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexesREG_LIFEEXP
82.8 years · 2024
78.9 years · 2024
Figures are Eurostat reported observations for the stated reference year. This is a side-by-side of named indicators — not a composite “best city” or full cost-of-living score.