Its 1991–2020 climate normal is a mean annual temperature of 14.5 °C with 818 mm of precipitation a year (Copernicus ERA5-Land).
In its wider region (NUTS ITH56), GDP was €30,200 per inhabitant (2023, Eurostat) — a regional figure, not a city value.
This profile reports 23 of the 50 indicators currently tracked for European cities; the rest are not reported for Ferrara. Source: official datasets listed in the source registry.
Population & demographics
Population on 1 January, total
#165 of 426 · 61st pct · #25 in Italy
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
#328 of 381 · 14th pct · #61 in Italy
321
persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and over
#5 of 386 · 99th pct · #3 in Italy
28.4%
of population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Population on 1 January, total
Ferrara: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 129,872. Higher than 261 of 426 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 38,669 to 3,677,472; median 104,735.
38,669
3,677,472
median 104,735
Ferrara: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 129,872 Higher than 261 of 426 records in the same comparison group Median 104,735
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
Ferrara: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 321. Higher than 53 of 381 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 28 to 9,215; median 1,069.
28
9,215
median 1,069
Ferrara: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 321 Higher than 53 of 381 records in the same comparison group Median 1,069
Share of population aged 65 and over
Ferrara: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 28.4%. Higher than 381 of 386 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 9.1% to 32.5%; median 20.9%.
9.1%
32.5%
median 20.9%
Ferrara: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 28.4% Higher than 381 of 386 records in the same comparison group Median 20.9%
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)
Ferrara climate by month Ferrara monthly 1991-2020 normals. Temperature 3.8°C to 25.7°C; warmest Jul, coldest Jan. Precipitation up to 80mm per month.
30 120 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0
°C
mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
● mean temperature (°C, left) · ▮ precipitation (mm, right) Ferrara monthly climate normals Month Temp Precip Jan 3.8°C 43mm Feb 5.2°C 55mm Mar 9.4°C 57mm Apr 13.5°C 77mm May 18.4°C 79mm Jun 23.0°C 73mm Jul 25.7°C 68mm Aug 25.3°C 72mm Sep 20.3°C 80mm Oct 15.2°C 78mm Nov 9.6°C 79mm Dec 4.6°C 58mm
ERA5-Land 1991–2020 normals.
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#109 of 601 · 82nd pct · #40 in Italy
14.5
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#212 of 601 · 65th pct · #52 in Italy
3.9
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#43 of 601 · 93rd pct · #11 in Italy
25.7
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land reanalysis total precipitation at the city centroid grid cell; not station weather.
#299 of 601 · 50th pct · #54 in Italy
818
mm per year · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land mean surface solar radiation; this is irradiance, NOT sunshine hours.
#161 of 601 · 73rd pct · #51 in Italy
166
W per m2 · centroid · 1991-2020
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Ferrara: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 14.5. Higher than 492 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3 to 24.5; median 10.6.
1.3
24.5
median 10.6
Ferrara: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 14.5 Higher than 492 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 10.6
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Ferrara: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 3.9. Higher than 388 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range -9.3 to 13.5; median 2.6.
-9.3
13.5
median 2.6
Ferrara: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 3.9 Higher than 388 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 2.6
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Ferrara: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 25.7. Higher than 558 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.5 to 38.1; median 19.3.
12.5
38.1
median 19.3
Ferrara: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 25.7 Higher than 558 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 19.3
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
Ferrara: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 818. Higher than 302 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 261 to 2,516; median 816.
261
2,516
median 816
Ferrara: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 818 Higher than 302 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 816
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
Ferrara: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 166. Higher than 440 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 96 to 230; median 136.
96
230
median 136
Ferrara: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 166 Higher than 440 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 136
Unemployment rate
Eurostat city or greater-city unemployment rate for the stated year; national definitions and observation flags still apply.
#178 of 288 · 38th pct · #62 in Italy
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Workplace-based jobs reported for the Eurostat city or greater-city geography; not employed residents or job openings.
#258 of 411 · 37th pct · #31 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Unemployment rate
Ferrara: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 6.1%. Higher than 110 of 288 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3% to 33.0%; median 7.8%.
1.3%
33.0%
median 7.8%
Ferrara: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 6.1% Higher than 110 of 288 records in the same comparison group Median 7.8%
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Ferrara: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 41,257. Higher than 153 of 411 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 8,769 to 2,091,000; median 54,000.
8,769
2,091,000
median 54,000
Ferrara: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 41,257 Higher than 153 of 411 records in the same comparison group Median 54,000
Crude birth rate
Annual live births per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; not a fertility rate.
#353 of 366 · 4th pct · #73 in Italy
6
births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rate
Annual deaths per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; age structure strongly affects comparisons.
#30 of 400 · 92nd pct · #2 in Italy
16
deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Crude birth rate
Ferrara: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 6. Higher than 13 of 366 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4 to 24; median 8.
4
24
median 8
Ferrara: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 6 Higher than 13 of 366 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Crude death rate
Ferrara: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 16. Higher than 369 of 400 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 20; median 12.
5
20
median 12
Ferrara: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 16 Higher than 369 of 400 records in the same comparison group Median 12
Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Registered cars per resident, not congestion, traffic speed or household car access.
#29 of 247 · 88th pct · #28 in Italy
660
cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Small annual rates can be volatile; do not present as a full traffic-safety score.
#16 of 358 · 95th pct · #9 in Italy
1
deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Reported Eurostat infrastructure length; not a cycling-mode-share or safety measure.
#150 of 328 · 54th pct · #5 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Ferrara: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 660. Higher than 218 of 247 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 272 to 4,237; median 479.
272
4,237
median 479
Ferrara: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 660 Higher than 218 of 247 records in the same comparison group Median 479
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Ferrara: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 1. Higher than 341 of 358 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 2; median 0.
0
2
median 0
Ferrara: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 1 Higher than 341 of 358 records in the same comparison group Median 0
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Ferrara: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 213. Higher than 178 of 328 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 1,073,473; median 138.
0
1,073,473
median 138
Ferrara: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 213 Higher than 178 of 328 records in the same comparison group Median 138
Country price context (PPP)
Country price level index for GDP
96
EU27_2020=100 · IT · 2024
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
#36 of 92 · 61st pct · #31 in Italy
446,189
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
#26 of 78 · 67th pct · #26 in Italy
327,779
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
#38 of 78 · 51st pct · #38 in Italy
118,410
nights / year · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
Ferrara: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 446,189. Higher than 56 of 92 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 29,246,038; median 294,774.
0
29,246,038
median 294,774
Ferrara: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 446,189 Higher than 56 of 92 records in the same comparison group Median 294,774
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
Ferrara: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 327,779. Higher than 52 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 11,647 to 10,408,868; median 177,863.
11,647
10,408,868
median 177,863
Ferrara: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 327,779 Higher than 52 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 177,863
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
Ferrara: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 118,410. Higher than 40 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3,119 to 18,837,170; median 108,214.
3,119
18,837,170
median 108,214
Ferrara: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 118,410 Higher than 40 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 108,214
Number of museum visitors per year
Museum visitor count where reported; not a count of museums or all cultural visits.
#40 of 226 · 82nd pct · #17 in Italy
396,238
visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Library distribution points where reported; not library visits or service quality.
#30 of 425 · 93rd pct · #11 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of museum visitors per year
Ferrara: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 396,238. Higher than 186 of 226 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 23,305,990; median 60,998.
0
23,305,990
median 60,998
Ferrara: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 396,238 Higher than 186 of 226 records in the same comparison group Median 60,998
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Ferrara: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain Ferrara: 30. Higher than 394 of 425 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 336; median 8.
1
336
median 8
Ferrara: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain
Ferrara 30 Higher than 394 of 425 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Regional context (NUTS) Values describe the city's NUTS region, not the city itself
Regional GDP per inhabitant
€30,200
EUR per inhabitant · ITH56 · 2023
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes
Common questions What is the population of Ferrara? Ferrara had a population of 129,872 on 1 January 2022 (Eurostat city figure), the 165th largest of the 426 reporting city records in the same year.
What is the climate of Ferrara? Its 1991–2020 ERA5-Land normal is a mean annual temperature of 14.5 °C (January 3.9 °C, July 25.7 °C) with 818 mm of precipitation a year. This is reanalysis, not station weather.
Not reported for this city: Air quality (EEA annualized), Housing & living costs, Education, Resident perception survey. Eurostat Urban Audit coverage is voluntary, so some indicators are unavailable for some cities.
Eurostat flags: b = break in time series
Every figure is an official indicator with its source linked. Ranks compare only records with the same reference year and geography grain. See the methodology .
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