Its 1991–2020 climate normal is a mean annual temperature of 14.2 °C with 826 mm of precipitation a year (Copernicus ERA5-Land).
In its wider region (NUTS ITH55), GDP was €50,100 per inhabitant (2023, Eurostat) — a regional figure, not a city value.
This profile reports 40 of the 50 indicators currently tracked for European cities; the rest are not reported for Bologna. Source: official datasets listed in the source registry.
Population & demographics
Population on 1 January, total
#32 of 426 · 92nd pct · #5 in Italy
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
#30 of 381 · 92nd pct · #4 in Italy
2,754
persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and over
#69 of 386 · 82nd pct · #44 in Italy
24.6%
of population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Population on 1 January, total
Bologna: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 387,842. Higher than 394 of 426 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 38,669 to 3,677,472; median 104,735.
38,669
3,677,472
median 104,735
Bologna: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 387,842 Higher than 394 of 426 records in the same comparison group Median 104,735
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
Bologna: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 2,754. Higher than 351 of 381 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 28 to 9,215; median 1,069.
28
9,215
median 1,069
Bologna: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 2,754 Higher than 351 of 381 records in the same comparison group Median 1,069
Share of population aged 65 and over
Bologna: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 24.6%. Higher than 315 of 386 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 9.1% to 32.5%; median 20.9%.
9.1%
32.5%
median 20.9%
Bologna: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 24.6% Higher than 315 of 386 records in the same comparison group Median 20.9%
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)
Bologna climate by month Bologna monthly 1991-2020 normals. Temperature 3.9°C to 25.3°C; warmest Jul, coldest Jan. Precipitation up to 94mm per month.
30 120 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0
°C
mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
● mean temperature (°C, left) · ▮ precipitation (mm, right) Bologna monthly climate normals Month Temp Precip Jan 3.9°C 49mm Feb 5.0°C 68mm Mar 9.2°C 65mm Apr 13.0°C 79mm May 17.8°C 79mm Jun 22.4°C 63mm Jul 25.3°C 49mm Aug 25.0°C 57mm Sep 19.8°C 71mm Oct 14.7°C 79mm Nov 9.3°C 94mm Dec 4.6°C 72mm
ERA5-Land 1991–2020 normals.
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#120 of 601 · 80th pct · #43 in Italy
14.2
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#207 of 601 · 65th pct · #51 in Italy
3.9
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#55 of 601 · 91st pct · #19 in Italy
25.3
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land reanalysis total precipitation at the city centroid grid cell; not station weather.
#286 of 601 · 52nd pct · #52 in Italy
826
mm per year · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land mean surface solar radiation; this is irradiance, NOT sunshine hours.
#166 of 601 · 72nd pct · #54 in Italy
165
W per m2 · centroid · 1991-2020
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Bologna: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 14.2. Higher than 481 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3 to 24.5; median 10.6.
1.3
24.5
median 10.6
Bologna: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 14.2 Higher than 481 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 10.6
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Bologna: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 3.9. Higher than 393 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range -9.3 to 13.5; median 2.6.
-9.3
13.5
median 2.6
Bologna: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 3.9 Higher than 393 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 2.6
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Bologna: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 25.3. Higher than 546 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.5 to 38.1; median 19.3.
12.5
38.1
median 19.3
Bologna: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 25.3 Higher than 546 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 19.3
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
Bologna: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 826. Higher than 315 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 261 to 2,516; median 816.
261
2,516
median 816
Bologna: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 826 Higher than 315 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 816
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
Bologna: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 165. Higher than 435 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 96 to 230; median 136.
96
230
median 136
Bologna: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 165 Higher than 435 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 136
Air quality (EEA annualized)
Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#103 of 329 · 68th pct · #28 in Italy
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#250 of 281 · 11th pct · #36 in Italy
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#48 of 298 · 84th pct · #15 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Bologna: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 20. Higher than 225 of 329 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 35; median 16.
5
35
median 16
Bologna: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 20 Higher than 225 of 329 records in the same comparison group Median 16
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Bologna: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 43. Higher than 31 of 281 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 33 to 81; median 52.
33
81
median 52
Bologna: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 43 Higher than 31 of 281 records in the same comparison group Median 52
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Bologna: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 14. Higher than 250 of 298 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3 to 22; median 9.
3
22
median 9
Bologna: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 14 Higher than 250 of 298 records in the same comparison group Median 9
Unemployment rate
Eurostat city or greater-city unemployment rate for the stated year; national definitions and observation flags still apply.
#179 of 288 · 38th pct · #63 in Italy
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Workplace-based jobs reported for the Eurostat city or greater-city geography; not employed residents or job openings.
#57 of 411 · 86th pct · #4 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Unemployment rate
Bologna: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 6.1%. Higher than 109 of 288 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3% to 33.0%; median 7.8%.
1.3%
33.0%
median 7.8%
Bologna: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 6.1% Higher than 109 of 288 records in the same comparison group Median 7.8%
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Bologna: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 165,452. Higher than 354 of 411 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 8,769 to 2,091,000; median 54,000.
8,769
2,091,000
median 54,000
Bologna: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 165,452 Higher than 354 of 411 records in the same comparison group Median 54,000
Crude birth rate
Annual live births per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; not a fertility rate.
#258 of 366 · 29th pct · #23 in Italy
7
births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rate
Annual deaths per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; age structure strongly affects comparisons.
#142 of 400 · 64th pct · #33 in Italy
13
deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Crude birth rate
Bologna: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 7. Higher than 107 of 366 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4 to 24; median 8.
4
24
median 8
Bologna: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 7 Higher than 107 of 366 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Crude death rate
Bologna: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 13. Higher than 257 of 400 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 20; median 12.
5
20
median 12
Bologna: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 13 Higher than 257 of 400 records in the same comparison group Median 12
Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Registered cars per resident, not congestion, traffic speed or household car access.
#87 of 247 · 65th pct · #74 in Italy
534
cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Small annual rates can be volatile; do not present as a full traffic-safety score.
#43 of 358 · 88th pct · #22 in Italy
1
deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Reported Eurostat infrastructure length; not a cycling-mode-share or safety measure.
#155 of 328 · 52nd pct · #7 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Bologna: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 534. Higher than 160 of 247 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 272 to 4,237; median 479.
272
4,237
median 479
Bologna: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 534 Higher than 160 of 247 records in the same comparison group Median 479
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Bologna: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 1. Higher than 314 of 358 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 2; median 0.
0
2
median 0
Bologna: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 1 Higher than 314 of 358 records in the same comparison group Median 0
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
Bologna: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 171. Higher than 172 of 328 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 1,073,473; median 138.
0
1,073,473
median 138
Bologna: Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 171 Higher than 172 of 328 records in the same comparison group Median 138
Country price context (PPP)
Country price level index for GDP
96
EU27_2020=100 · IT · 2024
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
#6 of 92 · 93rd pct · #6 in Italy
3,157,590
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
#7 of 78 · 91st pct · #7 in Italy
1,574,421
nights / year · 2022
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
#5 of 78 · 94th pct · #5 in Italy
1,583,169
nights / year · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
Bologna: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 3,157,590. Higher than 86 of 92 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 29,246,038; median 294,774.
0
29,246,038
median 294,774
Bologna: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 3,157,590 Higher than 86 of 92 records in the same comparison group Median 294,774
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents
Bologna: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 1,574,421. Higher than 71 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 11,647 to 10,408,868; median 177,863.
11,647
10,408,868
median 177,863
Bologna: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by residents in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 1,574,421 Higher than 71 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 177,863
Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents
Bologna: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 1,583,169. Higher than 73 of 78 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3,119 to 18,837,170; median 108,214.
3,119
18,837,170
median 108,214
Bologna: Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments by non-residents in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 1,583,169 Higher than 73 of 78 records in the same comparison group Median 108,214
Number of museum visitors per year
Museum visitor count where reported; not a count of museums or all cultural visits.
#19 of 226 · 92nd pct · #11 in Italy
875,488
visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Library distribution points where reported; not library visits or service quality.
#7 of 425 · 98th pct · #4 in Italy
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of museum visitors per year
Bologna: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 875,488. Higher than 207 of 226 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 23,305,990; median 60,998.
0
23,305,990
median 60,998
Bologna: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 875,488 Higher than 207 of 226 records in the same comparison group Median 60,998
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Bologna: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 72. Higher than 418 of 425 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 336; median 8.
1
336
median 8
Bologna: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 72 Higher than 418 of 425 records in the same comparison group Median 8
Resident perception survey
Bologna resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
4.9%
somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
17.5%
very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
6.4%
rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
33.4%
very satisfied with the noise level in the city
15.4%
rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
43%
very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
14.9%
rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
31.6%
strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
40.3%
somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
46.1%
Feel safe at night — strongly agree
13.8%
Feel safe at night — somewhat agree
37.8%
Transport affordable — strongly agree
19.1%
Transport affordable — somewhat agree
45.8%
Bologna resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 4.9% somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 17.5% very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 6.4% rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 33.4% very satisfied with the noise level in the city 15.4% rather satisfied with the noise level in the city 43% very satisfied with cleanliness in the city 14.9% rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city 31.6% strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 40.3% somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 46.1% Feel safe at night — strongly agree 13.8% Feel safe at night — somewhat agree 37.8% Transport affordable — strongly agree 19.1% Transport affordable — somewhat agree 45.8%
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 4.9%. Higher than 5 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.9% to 23.6%; median 9.7%.
2.9%
23.6%
median 9.7%
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 4.9% Higher than 5 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 9.7%
Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 17.5%. Higher than 13 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6% to 47%; median 25.4%.
6%
47%
median 25.4%
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 17.5% Higher than 13 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 25.4%
Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Bologna: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 6.4%. Higher than 6 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.6% to 49.2%; median 18.9%.
2.6%
49.2%
median 18.9%
Bologna: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 6.4% Higher than 6 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 18.9%
Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 33.4%. Higher than 10 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 14.2% to 61.7%; median 45.5%.
14.2%
61.7%
median 45.5%
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 33.4% Higher than 10 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.5%
Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city
Bologna: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 15.4%. Higher than 15 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.7% to 33%; median 18.7%.
7.7%
33%
median 18.7%
Bologna: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 15.4% Higher than 15 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 18.7%
Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 43%. Higher than 17 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 21.1% to 61.3%; median 45.5%.
21.1%
61.3%
median 45.5%
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 43% Higher than 17 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.5%
Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Bologna: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 14.9%. Higher than 20 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.2% to 52.6%; median 15.9%.
2.2%
52.6%
median 15.9%
Bologna: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 14.9% Higher than 20 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 15.9%
Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 31.6%. Higher than 4 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4% to 66.5%; median 45.2%.
4%
66.5%
median 45.2%
Bologna: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 31.6% Higher than 4 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 45.2%
Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 40.3%. Higher than 12 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 15.6% to 73.9%; median 53.4%.
15.6%
73.9%
median 53.4%
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 40.3% Higher than 12 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 53.4%
Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 46.1%. Higher than 41 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 18.2% to 54.5%; median 34.6%.
18.2%
54.5%
median 34.6%
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 46.1% Higher than 41 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 34.6%
Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 13.8%. Higher than 6 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.2% to 54.1%; median 24.6%.
7.2%
54.1%
median 24.6%
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 13.8% Higher than 6 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 24.6%
Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 37.8%. Higher than 17 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 26.1% to 58.5%; median 39.7%.
26.1%
58.5%
median 39.7%
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 37.8% Higher than 17 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 39.7%
Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 19.1%. Higher than 12 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.5% to 68.3%; median 28.9%.
7.5%
68.3%
median 28.9%
Bologna: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 19.1% Higher than 12 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 28.9%
Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Bologna: 45.8%. Higher than 42 of 50 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 21.1% to 52.6%; median 38.1%.
21.1%
52.6%
median 38.1%
Bologna: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Bologna 45.8% Higher than 42 of 50 records in the same comparison group Median 38.1%
Regional context (NUTS) Values describe the city's NUTS region, not the city itself
Regional GDP per inhabitant
€50,100
EUR per inhabitant · ITH55 · 2023
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes
Common questions What is the population of Bologna? Bologna had a population of 387,842 on 1 January 2022 (Eurostat city figure), the 32nd largest of the 426 reporting city records in the same year.
What is the climate of Bologna? Its 1991–2020 ERA5-Land normal is a mean annual temperature of 14.2 °C (January 3.9 °C, July 25.3 °C) with 826 mm of precipitation a year. This is reanalysis, not station weather.
Not reported for this city: Housing & living costs, Education. Eurostat Urban Audit coverage is voluntary, so some indicators are unavailable for some cities.
Eurostat flags: b = break in time series
Every figure is an official indicator with its source linked. Ranks compare only records with the same reference year and geography grain. See the methodology .
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