Its 1991–2020 climate normal is a mean annual temperature of 10.7 °C with 895 mm of precipitation a year (Copernicus ERA5-Land).
In its wider region (NUTS NL363), GDP was €51,300 per inhabitant (2024, Eurostat) — a regional figure, not a city value.
This profile reports 16 of the 50 indicators currently tracked for European cities; the rest are not reported for Leiden. Source: official datasets listed in the source registry.
Population & demographics
Population on 1 January, total
#46 of 163 · 72nd pct · #7 in Netherlands
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
#15 of 163 · 91st pct · #3 in Netherlands
3,321
persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and over
#106 of 160 · 31st pct · #8 in Netherlands
18.6%
of population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Population on 1 January, total
Leiden: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 269,696. Higher than 117 of 163 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 37,960 to 10,353,710; median 143,083.
37,960
10,353,710
median 143,083
Leiden: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 269,696 Higher than 117 of 163 records in the same comparison group Median 143,083
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
Leiden: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 3,321. Higher than 148 of 163 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 162 to 17,622; median 1,661.
162
17,622
median 1,661
Leiden: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 3,321 Higher than 148 of 163 records in the same comparison group Median 1,661
Share of population aged 65 and over
Leiden: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 18.6%. Higher than 50 of 160 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.2% to 34.1%; median 19.7%.
12.2%
34.1%
median 19.7%
Leiden: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 18.6% Higher than 50 of 160 records in the same comparison group Median 19.7%
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)
Leiden climate by month Leiden monthly 1991-2020 normals. Temperature 4.2°C to 17.9°C; warmest Aug, coldest Jan. Precipitation up to 91mm per month.
20 100 15 75 10 50 5 25 0 0
°C
mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
● mean temperature (°C, left) · ▮ precipitation (mm, right) Leiden monthly climate normals Month Temp Precip Jan 4.2°C 74mm Feb 4.3°C 60mm Mar 6.3°C 59mm Apr 9.3°C 51mm May 12.8°C 64mm Jun 15.5°C 67mm Jul 17.8°C 82mm Aug 17.9°C 91mm Sep 15.4°C 88mm Oct 11.8°C 90mm Nov 7.9°C 83mm Dec 5.0°C 85mm
ERA5-Land 1991–2020 normals.
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#284 of 601 · 52nd pct · #9 in Netherlands
10.7
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#184 of 601 · 69th pct · #4 in Netherlands
4.2
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#537 of 601 · 10th pct · #33 in Netherlands
17.8
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land reanalysis total precipitation at the city centroid grid cell; not station weather.
#185 of 601 · 69th pct · #4 in Netherlands
895
mm per year · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land mean surface solar radiation; this is irradiance, NOT sunshine hours.
#354 of 601 · 41st pct · #3 in Netherlands
129
W per m2 · centroid · 1991-2020
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Leiden: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 10.7. Higher than 314 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3 to 24.5; median 10.6.
1.3
24.5
median 10.6
Leiden: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 10.7 Higher than 314 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 10.6
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Leiden: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 4.2. Higher than 416 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range -9.3 to 13.5; median 2.6.
-9.3
13.5
median 2.6
Leiden: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 4.2 Higher than 416 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 2.6
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Leiden: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 17.8. Higher than 63 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.5 to 38.1; median 19.3.
12.5
38.1
median 19.3
Leiden: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 17.8 Higher than 63 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 19.3
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
Leiden: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 895. Higher than 416 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 261 to 2,516; median 816.
261
2,516
median 816
Leiden: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 895 Higher than 416 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 816
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
Leiden: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 129. Higher than 247 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 96 to 230; median 136.
96
230
median 136
Leiden: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 129 Higher than 247 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 136
Employment
Unemployment rate
#125 of 128 · 2nd pct · #13 in Netherlands
2.6%d
of population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Unemployment rate
Leiden: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 2.6%. Higher than 3 of 128 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.9% to 22.7%; median 13.2%.
1.9%
22.7%
median 13.2%
Leiden: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 2.6% Higher than 3 of 128 records in the same comparison group Median 13.2%
Education
Share of students in higher education in the total population
#63 of 142 · 56th pct · #2 in Netherlands
80
students per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Share of students in higher education in the total population
Leiden: Share of students in higher education in the total population in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 80. Higher than 79 of 142 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 288; median 71.
1
288
median 71
Leiden: Share of students in higher education in the total population in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 80 Higher than 79 of 142 records in the same comparison group Median 71
Crude birth rate
Annual live births per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; not a fertility rate.
#93 of 154 · 40th pct · #13 in Netherlands
9
births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rate
Annual deaths per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; age structure strongly affects comparisons.
#115 of 156 · 26th pct · #11 in Netherlands
9
deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Crude birth rate
Leiden: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 9. Higher than 61 of 154 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 39; median 10.
0
39
median 10
Leiden: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 9 Higher than 61 of 154 records in the same comparison group Median 10
Crude death rate
Leiden: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 9. Higher than 41 of 156 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6 to 16; median 10.
6
16
median 10
Leiden: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 9 Higher than 41 of 156 records in the same comparison group Median 10
Transport costs
Number of registered cars per 1000 population
#132 of 137 · 4th pct · #12 in Netherlands
363
cars per 1000 population · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Leiden: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain Leiden: 363. Higher than 5 of 137 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 257 to 816; median 482.
257
816
median 482
Leiden: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain
Leiden 363 Higher than 5 of 137 records in the same comparison group Median 482
Country price context (PPP)
Country price level index for GDP
117
EU27_2020=100 · NL · 2024
Regional context (NUTS) Values describe the city's NUTS region, not the city itself
Regional GDP per inhabitant
€51,300
EUR per inhabitant · NL363 · 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes
Common questions What is the population of Leiden? Leiden had a population of 269,696 on 1 January 2022 (Eurostat greater city figure), the 46th largest of the 163 reporting greater city records in the same year.
What is the climate of Leiden? Its 1991–2020 ERA5-Land normal is a mean annual temperature of 10.7 °C (January 4.2 °C, July 17.8 °C) with 895 mm of precipitation a year. This is reanalysis, not station weather.
Not reported for this city: Air quality (EEA annualized), Housing & living costs, Tourism, Culture, Resident perception survey. Eurostat Urban Audit coverage is voluntary, so some indicators are unavailable for some cities.
Eurostat flags: d = definition differs
Every figure is an official indicator with its source linked. Ranks compare only records with the same reference year and geography grain. See the methodology .
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