Its 1991–2020 climate normal is a mean annual temperature of 10.8 °C with 951 mm of precipitation a year (Copernicus ERA5-Land).
In its wider region (NUTS FRF11), GDP was €41,300 per inhabitant (2024, Eurostat) — a regional figure, not a city value.
This profile reports 41 of the 50 indicators currently tracked for European cities; the rest are not reported for Strasbourg. Source: official datasets listed in the source registry.
Population & demographics
Population on 1 January, total
#29 of 163 · 82nd pct · #9 in France
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
#20 of 163 · 88th pct · #9 in France
3,125
persons per km2 · 2022
Share of population aged 65 and over
#140 of 160 · 12th pct · #53 in France
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Population on 1 January, total
Strasbourg: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 436,462. Higher than 134 of 163 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 37,960 to 10,353,710; median 143,083.
37,960
10,353,710
median 143,083
Strasbourg: Population on 1 January, total in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 436,462 Higher than 134 of 163 records in the same comparison group Median 143,083
Population density (population divided by GISCO area)
Strasbourg: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 3,125. Higher than 143 of 163 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 162 to 17,622; median 1,661.
162
17,622
median 1,661
Strasbourg: Population density (population divided by GISCO area) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 3,125 Higher than 143 of 163 records in the same comparison group Median 1,661
Share of population aged 65 and over
Strasbourg: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 16%. Higher than 19 of 160 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.2% to 34.1%; median 19.7%.
12.2%
34.1%
median 19.7%
Strasbourg: Share of population aged 65 and over in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 16% Higher than 19 of 160 records in the same comparison group Median 19.7%
Climate (ERA5-Land normals)
Strasbourg climate by month Strasbourg monthly 1991-2020 normals. Temperature 2.2°C to 20.1°C; warmest Jul, coldest Jan. Precipitation up to 92mm per month.
25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0
°C
mm
J F M A M J J A S O N D
● mean temperature (°C, left) · ▮ precipitation (mm, right) Strasbourg monthly climate normals Month Temp Precip Jan 2.2°C 76mm Feb 3.0°C 67mm Mar 6.4°C 74mm Apr 10.3°C 64mm May 14.5°C 87mm Jun 18.0°C 84mm Jul 20.1°C 88mm Aug 19.9°C 83mm Sep 15.7°C 75mm Oct 11.2°C 81mm Nov 6.1°C 80mm Dec 3.0°C 92mm
ERA5-Land 1991–2020 normals.
Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#265 of 601 · 56th pct · #56 in France
10.9
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#332 of 601 · 45th pct · #62 in France
2.2
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
#220 of 601 · 63rd pct · #25 in France
20.1
°C · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land reanalysis total precipitation at the city centroid grid cell; not station weather.
#142 of 601 · 76th pct · #20 in France
951
mm per year · centroid · 1991-2020
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
ERA5-Land mean surface solar radiation; this is irradiance, NOT sunshine hours.
#289 of 601 · 52nd pct · #52 in France
138
W per m2 · centroid · 1991-2020
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Strasbourg: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 10.9. Higher than 336 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.3 to 24.5; median 10.6.
1.3
24.5
median 10.6
Strasbourg: Mean annual air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 10.9 Higher than 336 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 10.6
Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Strasbourg: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 2.2. Higher than 268 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range -9.3 to 13.5; median 2.6.
-9.3
13.5
median 2.6
Strasbourg: Mean January air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 2.2 Higher than 268 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 2.6
Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal)
Strasbourg: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 20.1. Higher than 381 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 12.5 to 38.1; median 19.3.
12.5
38.1
median 19.3
Strasbourg: Mean July air temperature (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 20.1 Higher than 381 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 19.3
Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal)
Strasbourg: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 951. Higher than 459 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 261 to 2,516; median 816.
261
2,516
median 816
Strasbourg: Mean annual precipitation (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 951 Higher than 459 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 816
Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal)
Strasbourg: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 138. Higher than 312 of 601 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 96 to 230; median 136.
96
230
median 136
Strasbourg: Mean surface solar radiation downwards (1991-2020 normal) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 138 Higher than 312 of 601 records in the same comparison group Median 136
Air quality (EEA annualized)
Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#152 of 329 · 54th pct · #14 in France
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#117 of 281 · 58th pct · #23 in France
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
#124 of 298 · 58th pct · #3 in France
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Strasbourg: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 17. Higher than 177 of 329 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 5 to 35; median 16.
5
35
median 16
Strasbourg: Annual mean NO2 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 17 Higher than 177 of 329 records in the same comparison group Median 16
Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Strasbourg: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 53. Higher than 164 of 281 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 33 to 81; median 52.
33
81
median 52
Strasbourg: Annual mean O3 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 53 Higher than 164 of 281 records in the same comparison group Median 52
Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages
Strasbourg: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 10. Higher than 173 of 298 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 3 to 22; median 9.
3
22
median 9
Strasbourg: Annual mean PM2.5 concentration from EEA monthly city averages in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 10 Higher than 173 of 298 records in the same comparison group Median 9
Unemployment rate
Eurostat city or greater-city unemployment rate for the stated year; national definitions and observation flags still apply.
#42 of 128 · 67th pct · #31 in France
14.7%d
of population · 2022
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Workplace-based jobs reported for the Eurostat city or greater-city geography; not employed residents or job openings.
#23 of 141 · 84th pct · #8 in France
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Unemployment rate
Strasbourg: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 14.7%. Higher than 86 of 128 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1.9% to 22.7%; median 13.2%.
1.9%
22.7%
median 13.2%
Strasbourg: Unemployment rate in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 14.7% Higher than 86 of 128 records in the same comparison group Median 13.2%
Total employment/jobs (workplace based)
Strasbourg: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 231,511. Higher than 118 of 141 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 15,527 to 5,298,886; median 71,369.
15,527
5,298,886
median 71,369
Strasbourg: Total employment/jobs (workplace based) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 231,511 Higher than 118 of 141 records in the same comparison group Median 71,369
Education
Share of students in higher education in the total population
#16 of 142 · 89th pct · #11 in France
156
students per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Share of students in higher education in the total population
Strasbourg: Share of students in higher education in the total population in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 156. Higher than 126 of 142 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 288; median 71.
1
288
median 71
Strasbourg: Share of students in higher education in the total population in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 156 Higher than 126 of 142 records in the same comparison group Median 71
Crude birth rate
Annual live births per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; not a fertility rate.
#27 of 154 · 82nd pct · #19 in France
12
births per 1000 residents · 2022
Crude death rate
Annual deaths per 1000 residents for the reported Eurostat geography; age structure strongly affects comparisons.
#128 of 156 · 17th pct · #47 in France
8
deaths per 1000 residents · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Crude birth rate
Strasbourg: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 12. Higher than 127 of 154 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 39; median 10.
0
39
median 10
Strasbourg: Crude birth rate in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 12 Higher than 127 of 154 records in the same comparison group Median 10
Crude death rate
Strasbourg: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 8. Higher than 27 of 156 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6 to 16; median 10.
6
16
median 10
Strasbourg: Crude death rate in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 8 Higher than 27 of 156 records in the same comparison group Median 10
Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Registered cars per resident, not congestion, traffic speed or household car access.
#109 of 137 · 20th pct · #59 in France
422
cars per 1000 population · 2022
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Small annual rates can be volatile; do not present as a full traffic-safety score.
#119 of 140 · 14th pct · #52 in France
0
deaths per 10000 population · 2022
Cost of a taxi ride of 5 km to the centre at daytime
This is a transport-cost input, not a full cost-of-living index.
#72 of 81 · 11th pct · #58 in France
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of registered cars per 1000 population
Strasbourg: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 422. Higher than 28 of 137 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 257 to 816; median 482.
257
816
median 482
Strasbourg: Number of registered cars per 1000 population in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 422 Higher than 28 of 137 records in the same comparison group Median 482
People killed in road accidents per 10000 population
Strasbourg: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 0. Higher than 20 of 140 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 1; median 0.
0
1
median 0
Strasbourg: People killed in road accidents per 10000 population in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 0 Higher than 20 of 140 records in the same comparison group Median 0
Cost of a taxi ride of 5 km to the centre at daytime
Strasbourg: Cost of a taxi ride of 5 km to the centre at daytime in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: €11. Higher than 9 of 81 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range €8 to €33; median €12.
€8
€33
median €12
Strasbourg: Cost of a taxi ride of 5 km to the centre at daytime in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg €11 Higher than 9 of 81 records in the same comparison group Median €12
Country price context (PPP)
Country price level index for GDP
109
EU27_2020=100 · FR · 2024
Tourism
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
#12 of 82 · 85th pct · #9 in France
3,403,421e
nights / year · 2022
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
Strasbourg: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 3,403,421. Higher than 70 of 82 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 30,931 to 71,423,725; median 683,405.
30,931
71,423,725
median 683,405
Strasbourg: Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 3,403,421 Higher than 70 of 82 records in the same comparison group Median 683,405
Number of cinema seats per 1000 residents
Cinema-seat capacity per resident; not annual attendance or a culture score.
#81 of 121 · 33rd pct · #51 in France
18
seats per 1000 residents · 2022
Cinema attendance per year
Culture attendance count where reported; not a full cultural-offer index.
#19 of 117 · 84th pct · #12 in France
1,341,998
visits per year · 2022
Number of museum visitors per year
Museum visitor count where reported; not a count of museums or all cultural visits.
#16 of 99 · 84th pct · #7 in France
541,305
visits per year · 2022
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Library distribution points where reported; not library visits or service quality.
#37 of 124 · 69th pct · #14 in France
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Number of cinema seats per 1000 residents
Strasbourg: Number of cinema seats per 1000 residents in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 18. Higher than 40 of 121 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 53; median 23.
0
53
median 23
Strasbourg: Number of cinema seats per 1000 residents in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 18 Higher than 40 of 121 records in the same comparison group Median 23
Cinema attendance per year
Strasbourg: Cinema attendance per year in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 1,341,998. Higher than 98 of 117 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 35,526,645; median 454,396.
0
35,526,645
median 454,396
Strasbourg: Cinema attendance per year in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 1,341,998 Higher than 98 of 117 records in the same comparison group Median 454,396
Number of museum visitors per year
Strasbourg: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 541,305. Higher than 83 of 99 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 0 to 8,946,728; median 88,416.
0
8,946,728
median 88,416
Strasbourg: Number of museum visitors per year in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 541,305 Higher than 83 of 99 records in the same comparison group Median 88,416
Number of public libraries (all distribution points)
Strasbourg: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 16. Higher than 85 of 124 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 1 to 539; median 10.
1
539
median 10
Strasbourg: Number of public libraries (all distribution points) in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 16 Higher than 85 of 124 records in the same comparison group Median 10
Resident perception survey
Strasbourg resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
7.3%
somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
22.4%
very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
11.4%
rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
38.2%
very satisfied with the noise level in the city
20.5%
rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
44.9%
very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
20.9%
rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
51.6%
strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
48.4%
somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
43.8%
Feel safe at night — strongly agree
21.8%
Feel safe at night — somewhat agree
51.9%
Transport affordable — strongly agree
40%
Transport affordable — somewhat agree
33.3%
Strasbourg resident perception survey strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 7.3% somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price 22.4% very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 11.4% rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city 38.2% very satisfied with the noise level in the city 20.5% rather satisfied with the noise level in the city 44.9% very satisfied with cleanliness in the city 20.9% rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city 51.6% strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 48.4% somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city 43.8% Feel safe at night — strongly agree 21.8% Feel safe at night — somewhat agree 51.9% Transport affordable — strongly agree 40% Transport affordable — somewhat agree 33.3%
Compare with same-grain records from the same year Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 7.3%. Higher than 16 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 2.5% to 17.4%; median 7%.
2.5%
17.4%
median 7%
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 7.3% Higher than 16 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 7%
Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 22.4%. Higher than 21 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4.5% to 38.2%; median 15.5%.
4.5%
38.2%
median 15.5%
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing it is easy to find good housing at a reasonable price in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 22.4% Higher than 21 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 15.5%
Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 11.4%. Higher than 13 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6.3% to 35.2%; median 13.2%.
6.3%
35.2%
median 13.2%
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 11.4% Higher than 13 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 13.2%
Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 38.2%. Higher than 7 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 17.9% to 63.7%; median 44.3%.
17.9%
63.7%
median 44.3%
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with the quality of the air in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 38.2% Higher than 7 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 44.3%
Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 20.5%. Higher than 17 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 6.7% to 28.6%; median 17.9%.
6.7%
28.6%
median 17.9%
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 20.5% Higher than 17 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 17.9%
Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 44.9%. Higher than 13 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 24.3% to 60.2%; median 46.4%.
24.3%
60.2%
median 46.4%
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with the noise level in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 44.9% Higher than 13 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 46.4%
Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 20.9%. Higher than 25 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 4.6% to 46.5%; median 13%.
4.6%
46.5%
median 13%
Strasbourg: Share very satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 20.9% Higher than 25 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 13%
Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 51.6%. Higher than 27 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 14.3% to 63%; median 43.2%.
14.3%
63%
median 43.2%
Strasbourg: Share rather satisfied with cleanliness in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 51.6% Higher than 27 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 43.2%
Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 48.4%. Higher than 15 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 18.4% to 77.3%; median 45.5%.
18.4%
77.3%
median 45.5%
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 48.4% Higher than 15 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 45.5%
Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 43.8%. Higher than 17 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 16.2% to 61.9%; median 42.7%.
16.2%
61.9%
median 42.7%
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing they are satisfied to live in this city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 43.8% Higher than 17 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 42.7%
Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 21.8%. Higher than 12 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 7.6% to 46.7%; median 24.6%.
7.6%
46.7%
median 24.6%
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 21.8% Higher than 12 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 24.6%
Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 51.9%. Higher than 26 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 27.3% to 66.3%; median 42.4%.
27.3%
66.3%
median 42.4%
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing they feel safe walking alone at night in the city in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 51.9% Higher than 26 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 42.4%
Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 40%. Higher than 26 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 8.5% to 61.9%; median 30.5%.
8.5%
61.9%
median 30.5%
Strasbourg: Share strongly agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 40% Higher than 26 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 30.5%
Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain Strasbourg: 33.3%. Higher than 9 of 30 reporting records in the same comparison group. Range 19.5% to 57.5%; median 36%.
19.5%
57.5%
median 36%
Strasbourg: Share somewhat agreeing public transport is affordable in the same year and geography grain
Strasbourg 33.3% Higher than 9 of 30 records in the same comparison group Median 36%
Regional context (NUTS) Values describe the city's NUTS region, not the city itself
Regional GDP per inhabitant
€41,300
EUR per inhabitant · FRF11 · 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes
Common questions What is the population of Strasbourg? Strasbourg had a population of 436,462 on 1 January 2022 (Eurostat greater city figure), the 29th largest of the 163 reporting greater city records in the same year.
What is the climate of Strasbourg? Its 1991–2020 ERA5-Land normal is a mean annual temperature of 10.9 °C (January 2.2 °C, July 20.1 °C) with 951 mm of precipitation a year. This is reanalysis, not station weather.
Not reported for this city: Housing & living costs. Eurostat Urban Audit coverage is voluntary, so some indicators are unavailable for some cities.
Eurostat flags: d = definition differs · e = estimated
Every figure is an official indicator with its source linked. Ranks compare only records with the same reference year and geography grain. See the methodology .
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